「バリ島」の版間の差分
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== 言葉 ==
現地の人々の母国語は'''[[バリ語フレーズブック|バリ語]]'''で、[[インドネシア語フレーズブック|インドネシア語]]とは関係がありますが相互に理解はできません。事実上、すべてのバリ人はバリ語とインドネシア語のバイリンガルなので、バリ語を学ぶことはコミュニケーションをとる上で必須ではありません。しかし、地元の人たちは自分たちの言語に誇りを持っているので、観光客がバリ語を話す努力をすれば地元の人たちは暖かく迎えてくれるでしょう。観光地では、英語やその他いくつかの外国語が広く使われています。
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[[File:Brantan Bali Pura-Ulun-Danu-Bratan-01.jpg|thumb|right|300px|ブドゥグルのブラタン湖にあるウルンダヌ寺院の一部。11層の「メル」に注目してください。
=== 寺院 ===
バリ島で最もよく知られている観光スポットは、数え切れないほどの'''ヒンドゥー教寺院'''です。 各村は慣習法によって、少なくとも3つの寺院を建設し維持することが義務付けられています：村の''清浄な''側にある''プラプセ''（起源の寺院）、地域の日常的な活動のための''プラデサ''（村の寺院）、そして''不浄な''側にある''プラダレム''（死者の寺院）です。裕福な村では、これら義務づけられた3つ以外にも寺院がある場合もあり、また、すべての屋敷には何らかの性質の寺院があります。
9つの'''指導的寺院''' (''kayangan jagat'')は最も大きく最も顕著な寺院です。これらの寺院はバリ島の重要な場所にあり、闇の力から島とその住民を守るために置かれています。バリ島の南端にある[[ウルワツ寺院]]はアクセスが簡単なので、[[タナロット寺院]]と同様、非常に人気があります。
バリ人にとって、[[アグン山]]の斜面上の[[ベサキ]]にある「母なる寺院」が最も重要で、9つの寺院の上に鎮座しています。他の7つの重要な寺院は[[ブドゥグル]]の[[ウルン・ダヌ・ブラタン寺院]]、[[キンタマーニ]]の[[ウルン・ダヌ・バトゥール寺院]]、[[アグン山]]の[[パサール・アグン寺院]]、[[ティルタガンガ]]の[[ランプヤン・ルーフル寺院]]、[[チャンディダサ]]の[[ゴアラワ寺院]]、[[クルンクン]]の[[マセティ寺院]]、[[タバナン]]の[[ルーフル・バトゥカル寺院]]です。これらはいずれも険しい山中か水辺にあり、このことは闇の力の発生源についてのバリ人の考え方をはっきりと示しています。
'''バリの寺院のデザイン'''は複雑なテーマであり、多くの訪問者を困惑させます。地域の地理がデザインに基本的な影響を与え、2つの寺院が同じであることはほとんどありません。装飾的なものであれ構造的なものであれ、目にするすべてのものには、地上的なものであれ精神的なものであれ、特定の機能があり、よく考えられています。しかし、寺院の大多数に共通する一般的な要素は3つの庭、''ジャバ''（外庭）、''ジャバ・テンガ''（中庭）、''ジェロアン''（内庭）です。これらの庭のそれぞれには、様々な構造物や重要度の異なる神社が含まれています。
The tiered, black-thatched roofs that you see on temples are made from a palm fibre, and this material is not permitted to be used for any roof other than those on temples. The elegant, pagoda-like tiered structure is itself called a ''meru'' (named after sacred ''Mount Meru (Mahameru)'', the home of the gods), and the most dramatic of them can consist of as many as 11 tiers. The number of tiers, though, is ''always'' an odd number.
[[File:Bali temple diagram.png|right|thumb|220px|典型的なバリ寺院の建物の配置]]
The temple entrance is always on the ''kelod'' axis point (facing ''away'' from Mount Agung) of the compound and is usually a gateway of some nature. This leads into the ''jaba'' which is the domain of humans and all things earthly. The jaba contains only minor shrines, is where some celebratory dance performances take place, and during special ceremonies is where the foods stalls are set up. Non-Hindu tourists are nearly always allowed to visit this part of a temple.
A gateway called a ''candi bentar'' leads into the central courtyard which is called the ''jaba tengah''. This is the intermediary point between our earthly domain and the realm of the Gods, and this is where daily offerings are prepared in an open pavilion called a ''paon''. The jaba tengah also usually contains a large pavilion called a ''wantilan'', which is used for special dance performances.
The ''kori agung'' gate leads into the ''jeroan''—the inner sacred area. This houses the most important shrines to different Hindu gods and deities and is where serious rituals and prayers take place. Shrines are many and varied but usually include a ''padmasana'', the throne of the supreme deity ''Sanghyang Widi Wasa''. The large pavilion in this section is called a ''gedong pariman'', which is always left completely empty to allow the gods to visit during ceremonies. Sometimes properly dressed visitors will be allowed into the jeroan and at other times not; it depends on the individual temple and the ceremonies that have been, or are about to be, performed.
The most common and practical architectural features to be found in virtually all temples are gazebo pavilions called ''bales''. Each has a raised seating section and either an ''alang-alang'' (grass-thatched) or ''tali duk'' (black palm fibre-thatched) roof and has a myriad of social functions. ''Bales'' can serve as a place for the gamelan orchestra to sit, as a village meeting point, host dance performances or simply be a place of rest for worshipers. This part of traditional Balinese temple architecture has been copied by hotels all over the island and in the wider world. The open grass-roofed pavilions you see everywhere in Bali are all derived from this original piece of temple design.
'''To enter any temple you must be appropriately dressed with a sarong and sash.''' These are always available for rental at the large temples which attract a lot of tourists (usually included if you're paying to enter, else a few thousand rupiah per set), but it's better to buy one of each when you arrive and use them throughout your visit.
===Landscape===
Most of the coastline of Bali is fringed by '''beaches''' of some type, with the exceptions being some important areas of mangrove forest in the southeast, and certain parts of the [[Bukit Peninsula]] where high cliffs drop straight to the crashing waves of the Indian Ocean.
[[File:Legian beach.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Legian]] Beach in south Bali]]
Unsurprisingly, given the volcanic nature of the island, black sand is the norm, but there are also some beaches in the south which have fine-grained white sand. Beaches that are especially safe for swimming include [[Jimbaran|Jimbaran Bay]] and virtually all of the north coast. At all times though, obey local swimming safety markers—far too many visitors to Bali drown each year after ignoring these. Bali's popular southern beaches are sometimes not the cleanest you will find. This is particularly true during the height of the wet season (December to January), when the heavy rains cause extensive agricultural runoff and garbage to be washed onto the beaches.
Away from the coast, Bali is largely lush, green and fertile, and '''rice paddies''' are the dominant agricultural feature of the island. In some areas, paddies take the form of dramatic sculpted terraces which efficiently utilise every available acre of land for cultivation. Especially beautiful examples of terraced paddies can be found in the centre of the island north of [[Ubud]] and in east Bali around [[Tirta Gangga]]. Elsewhere, gently rolling rice fields make for very pleasing rural scenery. There are a number of rice field tours available, and these can involve staying at a resort in one of these areas.
All of Bali's mountains are '''volcanoes''', some long dormant and some still active. At 3,142 m, magnificent [[Mount Agung]] dominates the landscape of [[East Bali]] and has not erupted since 1963. At the end of 2018, Mount Agung erupted, and as of August 2019 is still erupting, so there are 4 km radius of prohibited/safety zone from the crater rim. Much more active is [[Kintamani|Mount Batur]], which permanently smoulders and periodically produces a large bang and plumes of ashy smoke as pressure is released from within. Taking only 2 hr to climb, Batur is one of the most accessible active volcanoes in the whole of Indonesia.
===Art===
'''Art''', both traditional and modern, is everywhere in Bali and impossible to miss. [[Ubud]] is the artistic capital of the island with several museums and a variety of informal workshops and retail outlets. Ubud's museums showcase the works of local artists, both living and dead, as well as works by many foreign artists, who either have a strong affinity to Bali or have made the island their permanent home.
===Monuments===
A sad reminder of the modern world is the '''Bali Bomb Memorial''' on Jalan Legian in [[Kuta#See|Kuta]], which commemorates the 202 victims of the first Bali Bomb attack in October 2002. The site of the former Sari Club, obliterated in one of the blasts, lies adjacent to the monument and has not been redeveloped.
There are several monuments commemorating the ''puputan'' (suicidal fight to the death) of the Balinese against the Dutch colonialists in the early 20th century. The two most famous are in the town centre of [[Klungkung]] in East Bali and in Puputan Park, [[Denpasar]].
{{IsPartOf|インドネシア}}
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